I. Murad

LIFE

First Sultan Murad was born in Bursa in 1326.Orhan Gazi father, his mother is Nilufer Hatun."Monarch", "Bey" meaning Hüdavendigar name was given.First Sultan Murad tall, round faced and big nose.Thick and muscular body had.Very simply dressed and was interested in a white dress with red ground.Received initial training from his mother Nilüfer Hatun.Then, science and art people lived in Bursa.Scholars and artists show their reverence to the poor and homeless with compassion would behave.First Sultan Murad, his whole life was planned and programmed movement.First Sultan Murad, according to the Byzantine Church was known as a heretic and enemy of Jesus.But He was good for Christians.

Map of the conquests of Murad I

WARS
Murad fought against the powerful emirate of Karaman in Anatolia and against the Serbs, Albanians,Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King Vukašin and Despot Uglješa, was defeated on September 26, 1371, by Murad's Murat capable second lieutenant Lala Şâhin Paşa, the first governor (beylerbey) of Rumeli. In 1385Sofia fell to the Ottomans. In 1386 Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović defeated an Ottoman force at the Battle of Pločnik. The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture Niš on the way back


BATTLE OF KOSOVO

In 1389 Murad's army defeated the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo. There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight Miloš Obilić by knife.Most Ottoman chroniclers (including Dimitrie Cantemir) state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. Others state that he was assassinated in the evening after the battle at his tent by the assassin who was admitted to ask a special favour. His older son Bayezid, who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, Yakub Bey, who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne.

In the earliest preserved Christian record, a letter of Florentine senate to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's killing was described. A warrior, allegedly Miloš Obilić, had managed to get through the Ottoman army and kill Murad I.

Sultan Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remains to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called Meshed-i Hudavendigar which has gained a religious significance by the Muslims (which had been renamed Obilić by the Serbs). It has recently been renovated. His other remains were carried to Bursa, his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.

Of his reign to be evaluated

I. Ottoman Sultan Murad on the first monarch is known for his nickname.Has made 37 major combat in Anatolia and Rumelia, and all of them have ended in victory.Beautiful speech, cengaverlig and hunt from addiction has been mentioned.Before the start of his fiery collision pep speech to the army is still rumor.Foreign sources it "polite knight" as they mention.Has increased the number of vizier. Has increased the number of members of the Court.Fiscal authorities have been established.The era's most advanced professional military organization, which was founded Janissary.

Orhan Ghazi

Orhan Gazi was born in 1281. Osman Ghazi had established the Ottoman Empire. However, they organized it and that makes a big state is Orhan Gazi.Orhan Gazi yellow beard, was tall, had blue eyes.From a young age with a full discipline and orderliness has grown to be the lord of the future.He is gentle and compassionate.Upon the death of his father, Osman Gazi was 1324 Bey.Orhan Gazi, which means the hero of religion was nicknamed Şücaeddin.From his youth fought the Byzantines.Commander and state administration knowledge  experience gained.1324 due to his father's old age from the beginning of the state administration has passed.The first task was very surprised when his father said.Orhan ghazi would win the bursa.Ottoman Empire's second sultan was enthroned as the center and the state Yenisehir from Bursa or transported.Thereafter the rate of movement of conquest and gas that Orhan Gazi, 1329 in the Byzantine forces Pelakano 'has a heavy defeat.State 's interim zoning was transformed into a center of the city of Iznik, was decorated with Islamic structures.That he receives from his father as 16,000 square km of land went from 95,000 square km.General task is left to his second son Murad.


Passage Of Power

When Orhan succeeded his father, he proposed to his brother, Alaeddin, that they should share the emerging empire. The latter refused on the grounds that their father had designated Orhan as sole successor, and that the empire should not be divided. He only accepted as his share the revenues of a single village near Bursa.

Orhan then told him, "Since, my brother, thou will not take the flocks and the herds that I offer thee, be thou the shepherd of my people; be my Vizier." The word vizier, vezir in the Ottoman language, from Arabic wazīr, meant the bearer of a burden. Alaeddin, in accepting the office, accepted his brother's burden of power, according to oriental historians. Alaeddin, like many of his successors in that office, did not often command the armies in person, but he occupied himself with the foundation and management of the civil and military institutions of the state.

Map of the conquests of Orhan

Politics

Orhan, with the help of Jihad commanders at the head of his forces of light cavalry, started a series of conquests of Byzantine territories in northwest Anatolia. First, in 1321, Mudanya was captured on the Sea of Marmara, which was the port of Bursa. He then sent a column under Konur Alp towards West Black Sea coast; another column under Aqueda to capture Kocaeli, and finally a column to capture the southeast coast of the Sea of Marmara. Then, he captured the city of Bursa just with diplomatic negotiations. The Byzantine commander of the Bursa fort, called Evronos Bey, became a commander of a light cavalry force and even his sons and grandsons served Ottoman Empire in this capacity to conquer and hold many areas in Balkans. Once the city of Bursa was captured, Orhan sent cavalry troops towards Bosphorus, capturing Byzantine coastal towns of Marmara. There were even sightings of Ottoman light cavalry along the Bosphoros coast.

The Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III gathered together a mercenary army and set of towards Anatolia on the peninsular lands of Kocaeli. But at the present towns of Darica, at a site then called Pelekanon, not too far from Üsküdar, he met with Orhan's troops. The Byzantine forces were routed by Orhan's disciplined troops. Thus, in 1329 after this Battle of Pelekanon the Byzantines gave up the idea of getting the Kocaeli lands back and never tried conducting a field battle against the Ottoman forces.

The city of Nicaea (second only to Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire) surrendered to him after a three-year siege in 1331. The city of İzmit or Nicomedia was also captured in 1337. Orhan gave the command of it to his eldest son, Suleyman Pasha, who had directed the operations of the siege. In 1338 by capturing Üsküdar most of Northwest Anatolia was in Ottoman hands. The Byzantines still controlled the coastal strip from Sile on the Black Sea to Üsküdar and the city of Amasra (Amastris) in Paphlagonia, but these were so scattered and isolated as to be no threat to the Ottomans.

Then, there was a change of strategy in 1345. Instead of aiming to gain land from non-Muslims, Orhan took over a Turkish principality, Karesi (present Balıkesir and surrounds). According to Islamic philosophy of war, the areas under Islamic rule were to be abodes of peace and the other areas abodes of war. In abodes of war conducting a war was considered a good deed. Karesi principality was a state governed by a Turkish Emir and its main inhabitants were Turkish; so it was an abode of peace. Ottomans had to have special justification for conquering fellow Muslim Turkish principalities.

In the case of Karesi, the ruler had died and had left two sons whose claims to the post of Emir were equally valid. So there was a fight between the armed supporters of the two claimant princes. Orhan's pretext for invasion was that he was acting as a bringer of peace. In the end of the invasion by Ottoman troops the two brothers were pushed to the castle of their capital city of Bergama(Pergamum). One was killed and the other was captured. The territories around Bergama and Balıkesir (Palaeocastro) were annexed to Orhan's domains. This conquest was particularly important since it brought Orhan's territories to Çanakkale, the Anatolian side of the Dardanelles Straits.

Innovation and regulations

Orhan Gazi Ottoman principality thanks to a new state has laws and regulations.vizier for the first time the organization was founded.The first woman superintendent assignments were made during this period.Women were sent to starboard.Court Organization was established.Foundation system, the judiciary has been established.The first regular Ottoman army was established.The first studies were conducted navy and has added to the strength of the Ottoman Empire.

Last Years

Orhan was the longest living and one of the longest reigning of the future Ottoman Sultans.^[10] In his last years he had left most of the powers of state in the hands of his second son Murad and lived a secluded life in Bursa.

In 1356 a very unusual event occurred. Khalil, the son of Orhan and Theodora, was abducted somewhere on the Bay of Izmit. A Genoese commercial boat captain, which was conducting acts of piracy alongside commercial activity, was able to capture the young prince and take him over to Phocaeaon the Aegean Sea, which was under Genoese rule. Orhan was very much upset by this kidnapping and conducted talks with his brother-in-law and now sole Byzantine Emperor John V Palaeologos. As to the agreement, John V with a Byzantine naval fleet went to Phocaea, paid the ransom demanded of 100,000 hyperpyra, and brought Khalil back to Ottoman territory.

In 1357 Orhan's eldest and most experienced son and likely heir, Suleyman Pasha, died after injuries sustained from a fall from a horse near Bolayir on the coast of the sea of Marmara. The horse that Suleyman fell from was buried alongside him and their tombs can still be seen today. Orhan was said to have been greatly affected by the death of his son.

Orhan died soon after, in 1362, in Bursa, at the age of seventy-nine, after a reign of thirty-seven years. He is buried in the türbe (tomb) with his wife and children, called Gümüşlü Kumbet in Bursa.

During his reign, some of the most important civil and military institutions of his state were founded in the western provinces of Anatolia, but were also planted on the European continent.

Osman Ghazi

Osman Bey, the Ottoman Empire and establishing Osmanoğulları and the Ottoman Sultan is the name given to the state.He was also called black Osman.Osman Gazi was referred to as gentlemen until the end of his life.Osman Bey, was born in 1258 in Sogut.His father was Ertugrul Gazi..His mother was Halime Hatun.Replace his father at the age of 24.First marriage, around 1280 Mal Hatun.Edebali's towards the year 1289 the daughter of Sheikh Rabia married with Hâte Bala, influence and power have increased.This lady was born from the Ala'addin in princes.

Osman became chief, or Bey, upon his father’s death in 1281. By this time, mercenaries were streaming into his realm from all over the Islamic world to fight against and hopefully plunder the weakening Orthodox empire. In addition, the Turkic population of Osman's emirate were constantly reinforced by a flood of refugees, fleeing from the Mongols. Of these, many were Ghazi warriors, or fighters for Islam, border fighters who believed they were fighting for the expansion or defense of Islam. Under the strong and able leadership of Osman, these warriors quickly proved a formidable force, and the foundations of the Empire were quickly laid.

One night, when he was a guest in Sheik Edebali's dergah, he had a dream. As the sun shined, he went to Edebali and told him: "My Sheik, I saw you in my dream. A moon appeared in your breast. It rose, rose and then descended into my breast. From my novel there sprang a tree. It grew up and turned green. It branched out and got complicated. The shadow of its branches covered the whole world. What does my dream mean?

Osman's Dream
Gifted and talented ruler, Osman Gazi, front rather than the sword of justice was achieved with kindness.Besides, employees would show great respect for him.Most bullies anyone, even his presence would respectfully moves.Sultan Osman Gazi does not receive a salary from the state treasuryWith revenues of sheep has its livelihood.Already in the hands of the poor and needy were distributed to.Cost to future generations of the world was left in a state.                                                                                                         Historians Osman gas and common ideas about the state established is summarized as follows:

23 years of age at his accession, Osman had already proven his skill as a leader and warrior. His early fortunes and exploits are favorite subjects of Ottoman writers, especially in love stories of his wooing and winning the fair Mal Hatun. These legends have been romanticized by the poetical pens which recorded them in later years. The Ottoman writers attached great importance to this legendary, dreamlike conception of the founder of their empire.

Ottoman historians often dwell on the prophetic significance of his name, which means "bone-breaker", signifying the powerful energy with which he and his followers appeared to show in the following centuries of conquest. The name Osman is the Turkish variation of the Muslim name Othman, or Uthman.

After the last prince of the family of Alaeddin, to whom Osman's empire was indebted for its foundation in Asia Minor, died, there was no one to compete with Osman for the headship of the Turks of the region and dominion over the whole peninsula, save the Emir ofKaramanids. A long and fierce struggle between the descendants of Osman and Karamanogullari princes for ascendancy commenced in Osman’s lifetime, extending through the reigns of many of his successors. Osman himself had gained some advantages over his Karamanli rival; but the weak and wealthy possessions of the Byzantine Emperor in northwest Asia Minor were more tempting marks for his ambition than the Karamanoglu plains, and it was over the cities and armies of the ailing Byzantine Empire that the triumphs of the last 26 years of Osman’s life were achieved.

Osman I left his mark on the history of the region. He is remembered as the founder of a powerful empire and one of the symbols of the Ghazi tradition. A considerable portion of the Turkish people called themselves Osmanlı (Ottoman) until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

Osman Gazi appreciated the opinions of the famous Ahi Sheikh, Sheik Edebali, and he respected him. Osman often visited Edebali in his home at Eskisehir where a dervish group met.

One night, when Osman was a guest in Edebali’s dergah, he had a dream. As the sun rose, he went to Edebali and told him, “My Sheik, I saw you in my dream. A moon appeared in your breast. It rose, rose and then descended into my breast. From my navel there sprang a tree. It grew and branched out so much, that the shadow of its branches covered the whole world. What does my dream mean?”

After a brief silence, Edebali interpreted:

“Congratulations Osman! God Almighty bestowed sovereignty upon you and your generation. My daughter will be your wife, and the whole world will be under the protection of your children.”

Physical Appearance and Personality

A tall, broad-chested, thick and scowling, with hazel eyes and was burunl coach.Two shoulders fairly large portion of the body from the waist up, down, to the portion was longer.Round face and his skin was the color of wheat.Osman Gazi, the hair, beard and mustache were black. That's why he was called KARA OSMAN.Osman Gazi was a valuable dignitaries. Honest, brave, generous and fair.The poor fed and loved to dress up.Who to look a little carefully on clothes, would immediately remove her gifts.Osman Gazi was a good soldier, but was keen in literature.

"Kurt has come to enter the lot

Lion, looking back

Wed, whether to come flasher

Language makes the fortress gate

Ertugrul Osman son,

Whether generation Oguzhan Karahan,

The right to the city is a devotee

Open Istanbul made ​​Gulzar!"

Gifted and talented ruler, Osman Gazi, front rather than the sword of justice was achieved with kindness.Besides, employees would show great respect for him.Most bullies anyone, even his presence would respectfully moves.Sultan Osman Gazi does not receive a salary from the state treasuryWith revenues of sheep has its livelihood.Already in the hands of the poor and needy were distributed to.Cost to future generations of the world was left in a state.                                                                                                       

Historians Osman gas and common ideas about the state established is summarized as follows:

Ottoman Turkish and Islamic history is the work of the most spectacular period.After the Companions of the Islamic religion in the Ottoman period, has reached an advanced degree.Class scholars in the State, a position was fearful.So rather than referring to intimidate, place the blood Fairs justice was done.

The founder of Ottoman empire- risen from Anatolia and reigned for 600 years, over three continents- Osman Gazi, died of gout, in Bursa in 1326. When he died, he left an horse armor, a pair of high boots, a few sun jacks, a sword, a lance, a tirkes, a few horses, three herds of sheep, salt and spoon containers.

The Sword of Osman

The Sword of Osman (Turkish: Taklide-Seif)^[6] was an important sword of state used during the coronation ceremony of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire.^[7] The practice started when Osman was girt with the sword of Islam by his mentor and father-in-law Sheik Edebali.^[8] The girding of the sword of Osman was a vital ceremony which took place within two weeks of a sultan's accession to the throne. It was held at the tomb complex at Eyüp, on the Golden Horn waterway in the capital Constantinople. The fact that the emblem by which a sultan was enthroned consisted of a sword was highly symbolic: it showed that the office with which he was invested was first and foremost that of a warrior. The Sword of Osman was girded on to the new sultan by the Sharif of Konya, a Mevlevi dervish, who was summoned to Constantinople for that purpose. Such a privilege was reserved to devout religious leaders from the time Osman had established his residence in Konya in 1299, before the capital was moved to Bursa and later to Constantinople.^[9]

Ertugrul Ghazi

13 century leader of Oguz Kayı Boyu ,and is the founder of the Ottoman dynasty, Osman's father.

Willow arrive and settle in Anatolia
Which took place in 1243 after the Battle of Kösedağ began in Anatolia Mongol pressure increased.In parallel, the Byzantine territories had increased influx.As a result of the influx of Byzantine territory began to be established principalities end of the second ring.Which is the most powerful of these principalities and reigned Germiyanoğullarına Principality near Kutahya,By 1300, the conquests in western Anatolia towards the end of the third ring provides for the establishment of principalities.At the beginning of the Turks who settled in Willow neck there was Ertugrul Gazi.
Ertugrul Gazi connected to the neck in this region is not known exactly where and when and how.In 1299 his son, Osman, the Ottoman dynasty founded the Willow center.Ertuğrul Gazi, who died in Willow, a mausoleum built by his son, Osman is located.